Jewish Opinion on Gender in the Talmud and Midrash

The Talmud and Midrash, ancient Jewish texts, offer a complex and multifaceted perspective on gender. While they predate modern conceptions of gender, they contain discussions and debates that shed light on the Jewish understanding of gender roles, relationships, and identities.

Recognition of Multiple Genders

In the 2nd century CE, Jewish scholars recognized at least six genders, as recorded in the Talmud (Yevamot 83b) and Midrash (Genesis Rabbah 8:1). These genders include:

1. Male (Zachar): A person with male genitalia and secondary sex characteristics.
2. Female (Nekevah): A person with female genitalia and secondary sex characteristics.
3. Androgynous (Androgynos): A person with both male and female genitalia.
4. Tumtum: A person with ambiguous or undeveloped genitalia.
5. Ay'lonit: A person who is born with female genitalia but develops male characteristics at puberty.
6. Saris: A person who is born with male genitalia but develops female characteristics at puberty.

These categories demonstrate that 2nd-century Jews recognized a spectrum of gender identities and expressions, acknowledging that not all individuals fit neatly into binary male-female categories.

Implications and Significance

The recognition of multiple genders in the Talmud and Midrash has significant implications for our understanding of Jewish perspectives on gender. It highlights the complexity and diversity of human experience, challenging traditional binary notions of gender. This ancient Jewish understanding of gender can inform contemporary discussions on gender identity, expression, and inclusivity.

In conclusion, the Talmud and Midrash reveal a nuanced and multifaceted Jewish opinion on gender, recognizing at least six genders in the 2nd century CE. This ancient understanding of gender diversity can enrich our modern conversations on gender and promote greater inclusivity and acceptance.